Learning objectives

Fine tuning ggplots

Today we will build upon the graphing approaches in the with all the Data Carpentry ggplot tutorial

The Cookbook for R by Winston Chang is also great for tidying up our graphs.

Here are a couple of cheat sheets that can be useful

First load the libraries

library(tidyverse)
## ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
## ✔ dplyr     1.1.3     ✔ readr     2.1.4
## ✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.1
## ✔ ggplot2   3.4.4     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
## ✔ lubridate 1.9.3     ✔ tidyr     1.3.0
## ✔ purrr     1.0.2     
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
## ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
library(plotly)
## 
## Attaching package: 'plotly'
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':
## 
##     last_plot
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:graphics':
## 
##     layout

Basic graph labels

  ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width)) +
    geom_point(aes(color=Species, shape=Species)) +
    labs(title = "Iris Sepal Length vs Wide", x = "Sepal Length", y = "Sepal Width", color = "Plant Species", shape = "Plant Species")

Themes

https://r-charts.com/ggplot2/themes/

  ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width)) +
    geom_point(aes(color=Species, shape=Species)) +
    labs(title = "Iris Sepal Length vs Wide", x = "Sepal Length", y = "Sepal Width", color = "Plant Species", shape = "Plant Species") +
  theme_classic()

Colors

  ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width)) +
    geom_point(color = "red", aes(shape = Species))+
    labs(title = "Iris Sepal Length vs Wide", x = "Sepal Length", y = "Sepal Width") 

  ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width)) +
    geom_point(aes(color = Species, shape = Species)) +
    scale_color_manual(values=c("blue", "purple", "red")) +
    labs(title = "Iris Sepal Length vs Wide", x = "Sepal Length", y = "Sepal Width") 

  ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width)) +
    geom_point(aes(color = Species, shape = Species)) +
    scale_color_brewer(palette="Dark2") +
    labs(title = "Iris Sepal Length vs Wide", x = "Sepal Length", y = "Sepal Width") 

library(viridisLite)
  ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width)) +
    geom_point(aes(fill = Species), color = "black", pch=21) +
    labs(title = "Iris Sepal Length vs Wide", x = "Sepal Length", y = "Sepal Width")

https://sjmgarnier.github.io/viridisLite/

library(viridisLite)
  ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width)) +
    geom_point(aes(color = Species, shape = Species)) +
    scale_colour_viridis_d() +
    labs(title = "Iris Sepal Length vs Wide", x = "Sepal Length", y = "Sepal Width")

Controlling graph size in RMarkdown

In the opening line of the RMarkdown code chunk {r} you can control the output of the code, graphs, tables using knitr syntax. For example if {r, eval = FALSE} the code will not be run, but will be shown. If {r, code = FALSE} the code will not be shown, but will be run and the output will be shown (useful in reports where the reader is only interested in the results/graphs, but not the code). You can also suppress error messages and warnings so that the reader isn’t bothered by them (but you should take notice). YOU CAN ALSO DO THIS NOW IN THE VISUAL EDITOR MODE IN RSTUDIO.

The dimensions of an individual graph in the RMarkdown document be adjusted by specifying the graph dimensions in the header for the r code chunk

```{r, fig.width = 8, fig.height = 2}

Graphic Output

You may have realized that you can export plots in R Studio by clicking on Export in the Plots window that appears after you make a graph. You can save as a pdf, svg, tiff, png, bmp, jpeg and eps. You can also write the output directly to a file. This is particularly useful for controling the final dimensions in a reproducible way and for manuscripts.

# Plot graph to a pdf outputfile
pdf("images/iris_example_plot1.pdf", width=6, height=3)
ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width, color = Species)) + 
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = "Iris Sepal Length vs Wide", x = "Sepal Length", y = "Sepal Width") 
dev.off()
## png 
##   2
# Plot graph to a png outputfile
ppi <- 300
png("images/iris_example_plot2.png", width=6*ppi, height=4*ppi, res=ppi)
ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width, color = Species)) + 
  geom_point()
dev.off()
## png 
##   2

For more details on sizing output Cookbook for R - Output to a file - PDF, PNG, TIFF, SVG

RMarkdown loading images

Sometimes it is useful in controlling the image layout for a report to file with the graph and then subsequently load it into the .Rmd file. This works with png files, but not pdfs. You can also upload images made with other bioinformatic tools into your RMarkdown report.

# This is the RMarkdown style for inserting images
# Your image must be in your working directory
# This command is put OUTSIDE the r code chunk

![Iris example plot](images/iris_example_plot2.png)
Iris example plot
Iris example plot

Another way to present a graph without the code is adding echo = FALSE within the r{} chunk - {r echo = FALSE}. This prevents code, but not the results from appearing in the knitr file.

Interactive graphs in RMarkdown reports

With plotly/ggplotly (https://plot.ly/ggplot2/) you can make interactive graphs in your lab report.

library(plotly)
# Version 1
ggplotly(
  ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width, color = Species)) + 
    geom_point()
 )
# Version 2
p <- ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width, color = Species)) + 
  geom_point()
ggplotly(p)

Examples with the NEON data

First load the libraries

library(tidyverse)
library(plotly)

Let’s load the table into R

NEON_MAGs <- read_csv("data/NEON/GOLD_Study_ID_Gs0161344_NEON.csv") %>% 
  # remove columns that are not needed for data analysis
  select(-c(`GOLD Study ID`, `Bin Methods`, `Created By`, `Date Added`)) %>% 
  # create a new column with the Assembly Type
  mutate("Assembly Type" = case_when(`Genome Name` == "NEON combined assembly" ~ `Genome Name`,
                            TRUE ~ "Individual")) %>% 
  mutate_at("Assembly Type", str_replace, "NEON combined assembly", "Combined") %>% 
  separate(`GTDB-Tk Taxonomy Lineage`, c("Domain", "Phylum", "Class", "Order", "Family", "Genus"), "; ", remove = FALSE) %>% 
  # Get rid of the the common string "Soil microbial communities from "
  mutate_at("Genome Name", str_replace, "Terrestrial soil microbial communities from ", "") %>% 
  # Use the first `-` to split the column in two
  separate(`Genome Name`, c("Site","Sample Name"), " - ") %>% 
  # Get rid of the the common string "S-comp-1"
  mutate_at("Sample Name", str_replace, "-comp-1", "") %>%
  # separate the Sample Name into Site ID and plot info
  separate(`Sample Name`, c("Site ID","subplot.layer.date"), "_", remove = FALSE,) %>% 
  # separate the plot info into 3 columns
  separate(`subplot.layer.date`, c("Subplot", "Layer", "Date"), "-")

Remove Archaea since there is no GTDB annotation for Archaea Remove the coassembly data for today

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind <- NEON_MAGs %>% 
  filter(Domain == "Bacteria") %>% 
  filter(`Assembly Type` == "Individual")

Bar plots

Counts produced by ggplot

Note that in this graph ggplot produces the count automatically

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>% 
ggplot(aes(x = Phylum)) +
  geom_bar() +
  coord_flip()

Use the forcats package in tidyverse to put the counts in descending order

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>% 
ggplot(aes(x = fct_infreq(Phylum))) +
  geom_bar() +
  coord_flip()

#### Counts passed to ggplot

This is different code that creates the same graph as above. Note in this case the counts were first calculated in dplyr then passed to ggplot. Both x and y values are needed. Within geom_bar stat is set to “identify”

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>% 
  count(Phylum) %>% 
ggplot(aes(x = Phylum, y = n)) +
  geom_col(stat = "identity") +
  coord_flip()
## Warning in geom_col(stat = "identity"): Ignoring unknown parameters: `stat`

To put in descending order

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>% 
  count(Phylum) %>% 
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Phylum, n), y = n)) +
  geom_col(stat = "identity") +
  coord_flip()
## Warning in geom_col(stat = "identity"): Ignoring unknown parameters: `stat`

Stacked vs multiple bar plots

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>% 
ggplot(aes(x = fct_rev(fct_infreq(Phylum)), fill = Site)) +
  geom_bar() +
  coord_flip()

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>% 
ggplot(aes(x = fct_rev(fct_infreq(Phylum)), fill = Site)) +
  geom_bar(position = "dodge") +
  coord_flip()

Notice that the bars are of different width. This can be adjusted by setting the width

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>% 
ggplot(aes(x = fct_rev(fct_infreq(Phylum)), fill = Site)) +
  geom_bar(position = position_dodge2(width = 0.9, preserve = "single")) +
  coord_flip()

### Multiple panels (facet_wrap)

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>% 
ggplot(aes(x = Phylum)) +
  geom_bar(position = position_dodge2(width = 0.9, preserve = "single")) +
  coord_flip() +
  facet_wrap(vars(Site), scales = "free", ncol = 2)

Histogram

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>% 
ggplot(aes(x = `Total Number of Bases`)) +
  geom_histogram(bins = 50)

Box plot

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>%   
ggplot(aes(x = fct_infreq(Phylum), y = `Total Number of Bases`)) +
  geom_boxplot() +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle=45, vjust=1, hjust=1))

Showing each point in the above plot

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>%   
ggplot(aes(x = fct_infreq(Phylum), y = `Total Number of Bases`)) +
  geom_point() +
  coord_flip()

Exercises

For all exercises make complete graphs that are report ready. Relabel the x-axis, y-axis and legend for clarity, add a title, add color and size appropriately. The NAs in the taxonomy indicate a novel species starting with the highest level. For example a NA in a class that has an assigned phylum Proteobacteria would be a novel class in the phylum Proteobacteria. To filter Class and Order based on NA.

NEON_MAGs_bact_ind %>% 
  filter(is.na(Class) | is.na(Order))
## # A tibble: 16 × 27
##    `Bin ID`    Site  `Sample Name` `Site ID` Subplot Layer Date  `IMG Genome ID`
##    <chr>       <chr> <chr>         <chr>     <chr>   <chr> <chr>           <dbl>
##  1 3300060709… Sant… SRER_006-M-2… SRER      006     M     2021…      3300060709
##  2 3300060731… Chas… WOOD_043-M-2… WOOD      043     M     2021…      3300060731
##  3 3300060853… Chas… WOOD_002-M-2… WOOD      002     M     2021…      3300060853
##  4 3300060884… Chas… WOOD_042-M-2… WOOD      042     M     2021…      3300060884
##  5 3300060914… Guan… GUAN_043-M-2… GUAN      043     M     2021…      3300060914
##  6 3300060915… Konz… KONZ_024-M-2… KONZ      024     M     2021…      3300060915
##  7 3300061211… Grea… ONAQ_004-M-2… ONAQ      004     M     2021…      3300061211
##  8 3300061213… Nati… CLBJ_033-M-2… CLBJ      033     M     2021…      3300061213
##  9 3300061213… Nati… CLBJ_033-M-2… CLBJ      033     M     2021…      3300061213
## 10 3300061213… Nati… CLBJ_033-M-2… CLBJ      033     M     2021…      3300061213
## 11 3300061536… Nati… CLBJ_032-M-2… CLBJ      032     M     2021…      3300061536
## 12 3300061536… Nati… CLBJ_032-M-2… CLBJ      032     M     2021…      3300061536
## 13 3300061537… Nati… CLBJ_003-M-2… CLBJ      003     M     2021…      3300061537
## 14 3300061538… Nati… CLBJ_002-M-2… CLBJ      002     M     2021…      3300061538
## 15 3300061538… Nati… CLBJ_002-M-2… CLBJ      002     M     2021…      3300061538
## 16 3300061640… Niwo… NIWO_003-M-2… NIWO      003     M     2021…      3300061640
## # ℹ 19 more variables: `Bin Quality` <chr>, `Bin Lineage` <chr>,
## #   `GTDB-Tk Taxonomy Lineage` <chr>, Domain <chr>, Phylum <chr>, Class <chr>,
## #   Order <chr>, Family <chr>, Genus <chr>, `Bin Completeness` <dbl>,
## #   `Bin Contamination` <dbl>, `Total Number of Bases` <dbl>, `5s rRNA` <dbl>,
## #   `16s rRNA` <dbl>, `23s rRNA` <dbl>, `tRNA Genes` <dbl>, `Gene Count` <dbl>,
## #   `Scaffold Count` <dbl>, `Assembly Type` <chr>

Exercise 1

What are the overall class MAG counts?

Exercise 2

What are the MAG counts for each subplot. Color by site ID.

Exercise 3

How many novel bacteria were discovered (Show that number of NAs for each site)?

Exercise 4

How many novel bacterial MAGs are high quality vs medium quality?

Exercise 5

What phyla have novel bacterial genera?

Exercise 6

Make a stacked bar plot of the total number of MAGs at each site using Phylum as the fill.

Exercise 7

Using facet_wrap make plots of the total number of MAGs at each site for each phylum (e.g. similar to the example above but using the site ID and separating each graph by phylum.)

Exercise 8

What is the relationship between MAGs genome size and the number of genes? Color by Phylum.

Exercise 9

What is the relationship between scaffold count and MAG completeness?